Key Reference List: Part 1 - Medical and physical aspects

Medical complications: General

Gillberg, C., Rastam, M., & Gillberg, I. C. (1994). Anorexia nervosa: physical health and neurodevelopment at 16 and 21 years. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 36 (7), 567-575.

Herzog, W., Deter, H. C., Fiehn, W., & Petzold, E. (1997). Medical findings and predictors of long-term physical outcome in anorexia nervosa: a prospective, 12-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 27 (2), 269-279.

Mitchell, J., Pyle, R., Eckert, E., Hatsukami, D., & Lentz, R. (1983). Electrolyte and other physiological abnormalities in patients with bulimia. Psychological Medicine, 13, 273-278.

Nicholls, D., de Bruyn, R., & Gordon, I. (2000). Physical assessment and complications. In B. Lask & R. Bryant-Waugh (Eds.), Anorexia Nervosa and Related Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence (2nd ed., pp. 127-165). Hove: Psychology Press.

Wentz, E., Gillberg, I. C., Gillberg, C., & Rastam, M. (2000). Ten-year follow up of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: Physical health and neurodevelopment. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42 , 328-333.

Medical complications: Osteoporosis

Andersen, A., Watson, T., & Schlechte, J. (2000).
Osteoporosis and osteopenia in men with eating disorders. Lancet, 355, 1967.

Andersen, A., Woodward, P., & LaFrance, N. (1995). Bone mineral density of eating disorder subgroups. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18 (4), 335-342.

Anderson, F., & Francis, R. (1994). Editorial: Osteoporosis in men. Hospital Update, August 1994

Ayers, J. (1985). Hypothalamic osteopenia - Body weight and skeletal mass in the premenopausal woman. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 28 , 670-680.

Ayers, J., Gidwani, G., Schmidt, I., & Gross, M. (1984). Osteopenia in hypoestrogenic young women with anorexia nervosa. Fertility and Sterility, 41 , 224-228.

Bachrach, L., Guido, D., & Katzman, D. (1990). Decreased bone density in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Pediatrics, 86, 440.

Baker, D., Roberts, R., & Towell, T. (2000). Factors predictive of bone mineral density in eating-disordered women: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27 , 29-35.

Baum, M. L., Kramer, E. L., Sanger, J. J., & Pena, A. (1987). Stress fractures and reduced bone mineral density with prior anorexia nervosa [letter]. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 28 (9), 1506-1507.

Biller, B. M., Saxe, V., Herzog, D. B., Rosenthal, D. I., Holzman, S., & Klibanski, A. (1989). Mechanisms of osteoporosis in adult and adolescent women with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 68(3), 548-554.

Bonjour, J., Theintz, G., Buchs, B., Slosman, D., & Rizzoli, R. (1991). Critical years and stages of puberty for spinal and femoral bone mass accumulation during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 73, 555-563.

Branca, F., Robins, S., Ferro-Luzzi, A., & Golden, M. (1992). Bone turnover in malnourished children. Lancet, 340 , 1493-1496.

Brooks, E., Ogden, B., & Cavalier, D. (1998). Compromised bone density 11.4 years after diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Women's Health, 7 , 567-574.

Brotman, A. W., & Stern, T. A. (1985). Osteoporosis and pathologic fractures in anorexia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142 (4), 495-496.

Bruni, V., Dei, M., Vicini, I., Beninato, L., & Magnani, L. (2000). Estrogen replacement therapy in the management of osteopenia related to eating disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 900 , 416-421.

Cadogan, J., Eastell, R., Jones, N., & Barker, M. (1997). Milk intake and bone mineral aquisition in adolescent girls: randomised, controlled intervention trial. British Medical Journal, 315 , 1255-1260.

Caillot-Agusseau, A., Lafage-Proust, M., Margaillan, P., Vergely, N., Faure, S., Paillet, S., et al. (2000). Weight gain reverses bone turnover and restores circadian variation of bone resorption in anorexic patients. Clinical Endocrinology, 52, 113-121.

Calero, J., Munoz, M., Argente, J., Traba, M., Mendez-Davila, C., Garcia-Moreno, C., et al. (1999). A variation in Bone Alkaline Phosphatase levels that correlates positively with bone loss and normal levels of aminoterminal propeptide of collagen I in girls with anorexia nervosa. Clinica Chimica Acta, 285 , 121-129.

Cann, C., Martin, M., Genant, H., & Jaffe, R. (1984). Decreased spine mineral content in amenorrheic women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 251, 626-629.

Carmichael, K., & Carmichael, D. (1995). Bone metabolism and osteopenia in eating disorders. Medicine, 74 , 254-267.

Castro, J., Lazaro, L., Pons, F., Halperin, I., & Toro, J. (2000). Predictors of bone mineral density reduction in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39 , 1365-1370.

Chan, G. (1991). Dietary calcium and bone mineral status of children and adolescents. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 145 , 631-634.

Clark, K. (1999). Disordered eating behaviours and bone mineral denisty in women who misuse alcohol. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 19 , 32-35.

Crosby, L., Kaplan, F., Pertschuk, M., & Mullen, J. (1985). The effect of anorexia nervosa on bone morphometry in young women. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, 201, 271-277.

Davies, K., Pearson, P., Huseman, C., Greger, N., Kimmel, D., & Recker, R. (1990). Reduced bone mineral in patients with eating disorders. Bone, 11, 143-147.

Davies, M., Hall, M., & Jacobs, H. (1990). Bone mineral loss in young women with amenorrhea. British Medical Journal, 301 , 790-793.

de la Piedra, C., Calero, J. A., Traba, M. L., Asensio, M. D., Argente, J., & Munoz, M. T. (1999). Urinary alpha and beta C-telopeptides of collagen I: clinical implications in bone remodeling inpatients with anorexia nervosa. Osteoporosis International, 10 (6),480-486.

Dhuper, S., Warren, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Fox, R. (1990). Effects of hormonal status on bone density in adolescent girls. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 71, 1083-1088.

Drinkwater, B., Nilson, K., Chesnut, C., Bremner, W., Shainholtz, S., & Southworth, M. (1984). Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes. New England Journal of Medicine, 311, 277-281.

Fardelone, P., Brazier, M., Kamel, S., Gueris, J., Graulet, A., Lienard, J., et al. (1998). Biochemical effects of calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women: influence of dietary calcium intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67, 1273-1278.

Fisher, B., Nelson, M., Frontera, W., Turksoy, A., & Evans, W. (1986). Bone mineral content and levels of gonadotrophins and estrogens in amenorrheic running women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 62 , 1232-1236.

Fonseca, V., D'Souza, V., Houler, S., Thomas, M., Wakeling, A., & Dandona, P. (1988). Vitamin D deficiency and low osteocalcin concentrations in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 41 , 195-197.

Gillberg, C., Rastam, M., & Gillberg, I. C. (1994). Anorexia nervosa: physical health and neurodevelopment at 16 and 21 years. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 36 (7), 567-575.

Goebel, G., Schweiger, U., Kruger, R., & Fichter, M. (1999). Predictors of bone mineral density in patients with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25 , 143-150.

Gordon, C., grace, E., Emans, S. J., Goodman, E., Crawford, M. H., & Leboff, M. (1999). Changes in bone turnover markers and menstrual function after short-term oral DHEA in young women with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 14, 136-145.

Greenfield, E., & Goldberg, V. (1997). Genetic determination of bone density. Lancet, 350, 1263-1264.

Grinspoon, S., Baum, H., Lee, K., Anderson, E., Herzog, D., & Klibanski, A. (1996). Effects of Short-Term Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Administration on Bone Turnover in Osteopenic Women with Anorexia Nervosa. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81 , 3864-3870.

Grinspoon, S., Baum, H., Peterson, S., & Klibanski, A. (1995). Effects of rhIGF-1 administration on bone turnover during short-term fasting. Journal of Clinical Investigations, 96, 900-906.

Grinspoon, S., Herzog, D., & Klibanski, A. (1997). Mechanisms and treatment options for bone loss in anorexia nervosa. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33 (3), 399-404.

Grinspoon, S., Miller, K., Coyle, C., Krempin, J., Armstrong, C., Pitts, S., et al. (1999). Severity of osteopenia in estrogen-deficient women with anorexia nervosa and hypothalamic amenorrhea. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 2049-2055.

Grinspoon, S., & Thomas, E. (2000). Bone loss in anorexia nervosa: Mechanisms and treament options. Eating Disorders Review, Sept/Oct 2000.

Gulekli, B., Davies, M., & Jacobs, H. (1994). Effect of treatment on established osteoporosis in young women with amenorrhea. Clinical Endocrinology, 41, 275-281.

Hartman, D., Crisp, A., Rooney, B., Rackow, C., Atkinson, R., & Patel, S. (2000). Bone density of women who have recovered from anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 107-112.

Hay, P., Delahunt, J., Hall, A., Mitchell, A., Harper, G., & Salmond, C. (1992). Predictors of osteopenia in premenopausal women with anorexia nervosa. Calcified Tissue International, 50, 498-501.

Hergenroeder, A., O'Brian Smith, E., Shypailo, R., Jones, L., Klish, W., & Ellis, K. (1997). Bone mineral changes in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea treated with oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone or placebo over 12 months. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 176, 1017-1025.

Herzog, W., Deter, H. C., Fiehn, W., & Petzold, E. (1997). Medical findings and predictors of long-term physical outcome in anorexia nervosa: a prospective, 12-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 27 (2), 269-279.

Herzog, W., Minne, H., Deter, C., Leidig, G., Schelberg, D., Wuster, C., et al. (1993). Outcome of bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa patients 11.7 years after first admission. Journal of Bone Mineral Research, 8 , 597-605.

Hopper, J., Green, R., Nowson, C., Young, D., Sherwin, A. J., Kaymakci, B., et al. (1998). Genetic, common environment and individual specific components of variance for bone mineral density in 10- to 26- year-old females: A twin study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147, 17-29.

Hotta, M., Shibasaki, T., Sato, K., & Demura, H. (1998). The importance of body weight history in the occurrence and recovery of osteoporosis in patients with anorexia nervosa: evaluation by dual X-ray absorptiometry and bone metabolic markers. European Journal of Endocrinology, 139 (3), 276-283.

Iketani, T., Kiriike, N., Nakanishi, S., & Nakasuji, T. (1995). Effects of weight gain and resumption of menses on reduced bone density in patients with anorexia nervosa. Biological Psychiatry, 37, 521-527.

Johnston, C., & Longcope, C. (1990). Premenopausal bone loss - a risk factor for osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 323(18), 1271-1273.

Jonnavithula, S., Warren, M., Fox, R., & Lazaro, M. (1993). Bone density is compromised in amenorrheic women despite return of menses: A 2-year study. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 81, 669-674.

Joyce, J., Warren, D., Humphries, L., Smith, A., & Coon, J. (1990). Osteoporosis in women with eating disorders: comparison of physical parameters, exercise, and menstrual status with SPA and DPA evaluation. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 31, 325-331.

Karlsson, M., Weigall, S., Duan, Y., & Seeman, E. (2000). Bone size and volumetric density in women with anorexia nervosa receiving estrogen replacement therapy and in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 3177-3182.

Katzman, D., Bachrach, L., Carter, D., & Marcus, R. (1991). Clinical and anthropometric correlates of bone mineral aquisition in healthy adolescent girls. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 73, 1332-1339.

Kiriike, N., Iketani, T., Nakanishi, S., Nagata, T., Inoue, K., Okuno, M., et al. (1992). Reduced bone density and major hormones regulating calcium metabolism in anorexia nervosa. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 358-363.

Klibanski, A., Biller, B., Shoenfeld, D., Herzog, D., & Saxe, V. (1995). The effects of estrogen administration on trabecular bone loss in young women with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 80, 898-904.

Klibanski, A., & Greenspan, S. (1986). Increase in bone mass after treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 542-546.

Kotler, L., Katz, L., Anyan, W., & Comite, F. (1994). Case study of the effects of prolonged and severe anorexia nervosa on bone density. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 15 (4), 395-399.

Kushida, K., Takahashi, M., Kawana, K., & Inoue, T. (1995). Comparison of markers for bone formation and resorption in premenopausal and postmenopausal subjects and osteoporosis patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 80, 2447-2450.

Lennkh, C., de Zwaan, M., Bailer, U., Strnad, A., Nagy, C., el Giamal, N., et al. (1999). Osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa. New aspects of pathogenesis and therapy. Nervenarzt, 70 (9), 823-829.

Lucas, A. R., Melton, L. J., 3rd, Crowson, C. S., & O'Fallon, W. M. (1999). Long-term fracture risk among women with anorexia nervosa: a population-based cohort study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 74 (10), 972-977.

Matkovic, V., Fontana, D., Tominac, C., Goel, P., & Chesnut, C. (1990). Factors that influence peak bone mass formation: A study of calcium balance and the inheritance of bone mass in adolescent females. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, 878-888.

Maugars, Y., Berthelot, J., Forestier, R., Mammar, N., Lalande, S., Venisse, J., et al. (1996). Follow up of bone mineral density in 27 cases of anorexia nervosa. European Journal of Endocrinology, 135, 591-597.

Maugars, Y., Berthelot, J. M., Lalande, S., Charlier, C., & Prost, A. (1996). Osteoporotic fractures revealing anorexia nervosa in five females. Revue Du Rhumatisme, English Edition, 63 (3), 201-206.

McAnarney, E. R., Greydanus, D. E., Campanella, V. A., & Hoekelman, R. A. (1983). Rib fractures and anorexia nervosa. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 4(1), 40-43.

Newman, M. M., & Halmi, K. A. (1989). Relationship of bone density to estradiol and cortisol in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Psychiatry Research, 29 (1), 105-112.

Newton, J. R., Freeman, C. P., Hannan, W. J., & Cowen, S. (1993). Osteoporosis and normal weight bulimia nervosa--which patients are at risk? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 37 (3), 239-247.

Nicholls, D., de Bruyn, R., & Gordon, I. (2000). Physical assessment and complications. In B. Lask & R. Bryant-Waugh (Eds.), Anorexia Nervosa and Related Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence (2nd ed., pp. 127-165). Hove: Psychology Press.

Oliveri, B., Gomez-Acotto, C., & Mautalen, C. (1999). Osteomalacia in a patient with severe anorexia nervosa. Review of Rheumatology, 66 (10), 505-508.

Pate, R., Pratt, M., Blair, S., Haskell, W., Macera, C., Bouchard, C., et al. (1995). Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 402-407.

Peckham, A. (1999). Strong bones in later life: luxury or necessity? A patient's perspective. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77 (5), 433.

Pollitzer, W., & Anderson, J. (1989). Ethnic and genetic differences in bone mass: a review with a hereditary vs. environmental perspective. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 50, 1244-1259.

Ramsdale, S., & Bassey, E. (1994). Changes in bone mineral density associated with dietary-induced loss of bone mass in young women. Clinical Science, 87, 343-348.

Resch, H., Newrkla, S., Grampp, S., Resch, A., Zapf, S., Piringer, S., et al. (2000). Ultrasound and X-ray-based bone densitometry in patients with anorexia nervosa. Calcified Tissue International, 66 (5), 338-341.

Rigotti, N., Neer, R., Skates, S., Herzog, D., & Nussbaum, S. (1991). The clinical course of osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa: A longitudinal study of cortical bone mass. Journal of the American Medical Association, 265, 1133-1138.

Rigotti, N., Nussbaum, S., Herzog, D., & Neer, R. (1984). Osteoporosis in women with anorexia nervosa. New England Journal of Medicine, 311 , 1601-1606.

Robinson, E., Bachrach, L., & Katzman, D. (2000). Use of hormone replacement therapy to reduce the risk of osteopenia in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26, 343-348.

Rose, M., Hildebrandt, M., Schoeneich, F., Danzer, G., & Klapp, B. F. (1999). Severe anorexia nervosa associated with osteoporotic-linked femoral neck fracture and pulmonary tuberculosis: a case report. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25 (4), 463-467.

Saggese, G., Bertelloni, S., Baroncelli, G. I., Ghirri, P., Cosenza, G. M., & Buggiani, B. (1989). [Calciotropic hormones in osteoporosis caused by anorexia nervosa]. Minerva Pediatrica, 41 (2), 61-65.

Salisbury, J., & Mitchell, J. (1991). Bone mineral density and anorexia nervosa in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 768-774.

Scurlock, H., Timini, S., & Robinson, P. (1997). Osteoporosis as a complication of chronic anorexia nervosa in a male. European Eating Disorders Review, 5 , 42-46.

Seeman, E., Hopper, J., Bach, L., Cooper, M., Parkinson, E., McKay, J., et al. (1989). Reduced bone mass in daughters of women with osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 554-558.

Seeman, E., Szmukler, G., Formica, C., Tsalamandris, C., & Mestrovic, R. (1992). Osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa: The influence of peak bone density, bone loss, oral contraceptive use and exercise. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 7(12), 1467-1474.

Serpell*, L., & Treasure, J. (1997). Osteoporosis: A Serious Health Risk in Chronic Anorexia Nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 5 , 149-157.

Siemers, B., Chakmakjian, Z., & Gench, B. (1996). Bone density patterns in women with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19 , 179-186.

Soyka, L. A., Grinspoon, S., Levitsky, L., Herzog, D., & Klibanski, A. (1999). The Effects of Anorexia Nervosa on Bone Metabolism in Female Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84 (12), 4489-4496.

Stefanis, N., Mackintosh, C., Abraha, H., Treasure, J., & Moniz, C. (1998). Dissociation of bone turnover in anorexia nervosa. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 35, 709-716.

Szmukler, G., & Brown, S. (1985). Premature loss of bone in chronic anorexia nervosa. British Medical Journal, 290 , 26-27.

Tothill, P., Hannan, W., Cowen, S., & Freeman, C. (1997). Anomalies in the measurement of changes in total-body bone mineral by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry during weight change. Journal of Bone Mineral Research, 12 , 1908-1921.

Treasure, J., Russell, G., Fogelman, I., & Murby, B. (1987). Reversible bone loss in anorexia nervosa. British Medical Journal, 295 , 474-475.

Treasure, J., & Serpell*, L. (1999). Osteoporosis in Anorexia Nervosa. Hospital Medicine, 60(7), 477-480.

Treasure, J., & Serpell*, L. (2001). Osteoporosis in Young People: Research and Treatment in Eating Disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 359-370.

Warren, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., Hamilton, L., Fiske-Warren, L., & Hamilton, W. (1986). Scoliosis and fractures in young ballet dancers. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 1348-1353.

Wong, J., Lewindon, P., Mortimer, R., & Shepherd, R. (2001). Bone mineral density in adolescent females with recently diagnosed anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29 , 11-16. Zipfel, S., Herzog, W., Beumont, P., & Russell, J. (2000). Osteoporosis. European Eating Disorders Review, 8, 108-116.